From an investment strategy standpoint, traditional exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are designed to track indexes. While passive investing is a popular strategy among ETF investors, it isn’t the only strategy.

Passive Investing
ETFs were originally constructed to provide a single security that tracks an index and trades intraday. While the intraday trading capability is certainly a boon to active traders, it is merely a convenience for investors who prefer to buy and hold, which is still a valid and popular strategy - especially if we keep in mind the often-cited statistic that 80% of actively managed mutual funds fail to beat their benchmarks. In sum, ETFs provide a convenient and low-cost way to implement indexing, or passive management.

Active Trading

Despite indexing’s track record, many investors aren’t content to settle for so-called average returns. ETFs provide the perfect tool. By allowing intraday trading, ETFs give these traders an opportunity to track the direction of the market and trade accordingly.
While ETFs are structured to track an index, they could just as easily be designed to track a popular investment manager’s top picks, mirror any existing mutual fund or pursue a particular investment objective. While actively managed ETFs run by professional money managers aren’t available in the United States, they are already on the market in Germany.

Actively managed ETFs have the potential to benefit mutual fund investors and fund managers as well.

Because ETFs trade on a stock exchange, there is the potential for price disparities to develop between the trading price of the ETF shares and the trading price of the underlying securities. If the ETF is trading at a premium to the value of the underlying shares, investors can short the ETF and purchase shares of stock on the open market to cover the position.

With index ETFs, arbitrage keeps the price of the ETF close to the value of the underlying shares. Ideally, those selections are to help investors outperform their ETF’s benchmark index. The investors would then buy the underlying securities and avoid paying the fund’s management expenses. Therefore, such a scenario provides no incentive for money managers to create actively managed ETFs.

Conclusion
Active and passive management are both legitimate and frequently used investment strategies among ETF investors.

The United States Ethanol Industry benefits mainly from federal subsidies, tariffs, and production mandates. Oil refiners get a credit of 51 cents per gallon of ethanol blended with gasoline. The typical blend is 90% gasoline/10% ethanol. Due to a federal dictate, more than half the gasoline sold in the U.S. now contains ethanol, which accounts for 7% of total gasoline consumption. There is also a 54-cents-a-gallon tax on imported ethanol. The government mandates that 9 billion gallons of ethanol be used this year, rising to 10.5 billion in 2009 and 15 billion by 2015.

Critics make a valid point that ethanol producing companies are only surviving because of strong backers in the Capitol Hill. Ethanol is also widely criticized as a wasteful and inefficient way to fuel automobiles.

Oil refiners are blending ethanol on their gasoline because it makes economic sense. Ethanol now costs $2.50 per gallon — or about $2.00 a gallon to refiners after the federal subsidy. The wholesale price of gasoline is above $3.30 a gallon.

This means that refiners save about $1.30 per gallon by using ethanol rather than pure gasoline. The savings per gallon of a 90/10 blend of gas and ethanol relative to pure gasoline is about 13 cents (10% of the $1.30 differential between ethanol and gasoline). Much of that gets passed on to consumers.

Ethanol may be controversial, but it has powerful friends in Washington and is helping millions of cash-strapped Americans save money on gasoline. This suggests that the ethanol industry is here to stay.

Trading the markets makes one a winner and another loser. As my mentor used to tell me, “Markets are summarized by greed, hope, fear and desperation”, all mistakes traders commit including me are always related to the four market moods. I have listed 5 of the most common mistakes we traders make and feel free to choose your own weakness.  

1.       Failing to cut losses

We have to admit that we are humans and we are susceptible in making mistakes. Failing to cut losses not only is expensive for your portfolio, but also a way to wipe it clean.

2.       Adding up to a Losing Position

Cutting loses is bad. Adding up to a losing position is even worse. Some people use this measure to bail out on a position. Simply put you bought 10 shares of XYZ at $50.00 and it fell to $45.00. Some people would buy another 10 shares at $45.00 and sell the whole position at $47.50. Sounds great right? Not really. It is not only getting riskier, but it also gives you more tension in your trading knowing that you are averaging down and might wipe your portfolio clean.

3.       Trading with Emotions

Remember what my mentor told me a while ago? Greed, Hope, Fear and Desperation is the way to go in telling what the current mood of the market is. We have to admit that we traders are motivated with greed, but we also need to understand that in order to be successful in this field, we have to operate like a system, operating without our emotions. Emotions cloud our judgement and logic.

4.       Loving A Position

Yes we understand you made a lot of money in that trade. Even if that issue made you a lot of money previously, you have to take into consideration that past performance is not an indication of future results. No shortcuts are to be made in trading. We really have to do our homework.

5.       Trading the Board and the News

Some trading hours could be boring. And when boredom and impatience strikes traders, all they do is look at the board or the Newswire and stare. Now here comes the fun part, you’ve been staring at ticker symbol ABC for quite some time and you see that it steadily rises to 7%. Sounds great right? You type a buy order at your terminal and the trade is executed. Minutes before closing, you see the ABC correcting and those people who are buying it 2 hours ago are now dumping it. Now you are forced to liquidate and cut your losses. Sounds familiar? Never enter a trade without a trading plan and without doing your homework. What separates gamblers from traders is that traders have systems and plans to follow while gamblers throw their darts at the board.

We have to admit that we cannot remove these overnight. It entails discipline and determination. After all, sometimes you have to get hurt in order to learn, and learning is required if you dream of beating the street.

There are two main schools of thought in analyzing the capital markets. Fundamental Analysis, the use of the company’s books and economic data to determine it’s value, and Technical Analysis, where the supply and demand of an issue, contract, commodity, etc. is being analyzed to forecast future results.

There are a lot of disparities between the two schools of thought. Fundamentalists would go long or short because of valuations while technicians go long or short because of trend continuations or reversal. A Fundamentalist could buy shares of an issue that is nose-diving with his belief that it’s getting cheaper, while a technician would definitely not like it in his portfolio because it broke major trend lines or averages.

There has been an unspoken conflict between the two schools of thought for the past years. A Fundamentalist could be buying the company because of its valuations while a Technician could be shorting it because of its trend.

Fundamentalists call Technical Analysis a “self-fulfilling prophecy” while Technicians do believe that all data are already discounted into the market and books can be cooked. While both of them can be true, the fact is, both of these schools of thought make money.

Ultimately, it’s for the investor to choose what he would like to believe in as long as it makes him money. After all, it’s the profits that really matters in the bloody streets.